Estudio descriptivo de la enfermedad profesional de la provincia de Salamanca en el año 2021 / Descriptive study of occupational disease in the province of Salamanca in 2021

Objetivos: Conocer que tipos de enfermedades profesionales se declararon en 2021 en CREPROSS y con qué sectores están relacionados en la provincia de Salamanca. Material y Métodos: Se analiza mediante un estudio descriptivo los casos de enfermedad profesional de la provincia de Salamanca. Resultados: El número de enfermedades profesionales declaradas en el año 2021 en la provincia de Salamanca fue de 105. Los trabajadores tenían entre 26 y 65 años. Los sectores según código CNAE donde se declararon el mayor número de enfermedades profesionales fueron en la sección C con 35 casos (36.75%) y la sección la sección G con 29 casos (30.45 %). Las enfermedades profesionales más declaradas fueron el STC, la epicondilitis lateral y la tenosinivitis de al estiloides radial. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos pueden ser un buen punto de partida para realizar estudios más específicos sobre intervenciones para la prevención y promoción de la salud en estos sectores. (AU)

Objective: To identify which types of occupational diseases were declared during 2021 in CEPROSS and wich sectors they are related to in the province of Salamaca. Material and Method: The cases of occupational disease in the province of Salamanca are analysed by means of a descriptive study. Results: The number of occupational diseases registered in 2021 in the province of Salamanca was 105. The workers were between 26 and 65 years old. The specific sectors according to the CNAE code where the highest number of occupational diseases were reported were in section C with 35 cases (36.75%) and section G 29 cases (30.45%). The most declared occupational disease were CTS, lateral epicondylitis and radial styloid tenosynovitis. Conclusions: The data obtained can be a good starting point for more specific studies on prevention and health promotion interventions in these sectors. (AU)

Danos à saúde relacionados ao trabalho de enfermeiros em um hospital universitário / Daños a la salud relacionados con el trabajo de enfermeros en un hospital universitario / Work-related health damage of nurses in a university hospital

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os danos à saúde relacionados ao trabalho de enfermeiros em um hospital universitário. Métodos Estudo transversal, quantitativo realizado com 135 enfermeiros de um hospital universitário localizado na região Sudeste do Brasil, entre os meses de dezembro de 2018 e fevereiro de 2019, com aplicação de questionários para caracterização pessoal e laboral e a Escala de Avaliação de Danos Relacionados ao Trabalho. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial para a análise dos dados. Resultados Prevaleceu entre os enfermeiros o adoecimento físico. A avaliação para os danos psicológicos e sociais foi suportável. Os itens "distúrbios digestivos" (2,35±1,18), "mau-humor" (2,41±1,12), "dor de cabeça" (2,58±1,11), "dores no corpo" (2,81±1,15), "dores nas costas" (2,90±1,29), "alterações no sono" (2,96±1,28) e "dores nas pernas" (3,00±1,25) tiveram avaliação crítica pelos enfermeiros, o que representa risco para adoecimento. Não se identificaram associações significativas entre as variáveis pesquisadas e o adoecimento. Conclusão Os enfermeiros estão sujeitos a riscos de adoecimento relacionado ao trabalho no hospital universitário em estudo que deflagram adoecimento físico; sendo o suporte social uma provável explicação para o não adoecimento psicológico e social.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar los daños a la salud relacionados con el trabajo de enfermeros en un hospital universitario. Métodos Estudio transversal, cuantitativo realizado con 135 enfermeros de un hospital universitario ubicado en la región Sureste de Brasil, entre los meses de diciembre de 2018 y febrero de 2019, con la utilización de cuestionarios para caracterización personal y laboral y la Escala de Evaluación de Daños Relacionados con el Trabajo. Se utilizó una estadística descriptiva e inferencial para el análisis de los datos. Resultados Prevaleció entre los enfermeros la dolencia física. La evaluación para los daños psicológicos y sociales fue soportable. Los ítems "disturbios digestivos" (2,35±1,18), "malhumor" (2,41±1,12), "dolor de cabeza" (2,58±1,11), "dolores por el cuerpo" (2,81±1,15), "dolores en la espalda" (2,90±1,29), "alteraciones del sueño" (2,96±1,28) y "dolores en las piernas" (3,00±1,25) tuvieron una evaluación crítica de los enfermeros, lo que representa riesgo para la dolencia. No se identificaron asociaciones significativas entre las variables investigadas y la dolencia. Conclusión Los enfermeros están sujetos a riesgos de dolencia relacionados con el trabajo en el hospital universitario en un estudio que ocasionan dolencia física; el soporte social es una probable explicación para la no dolencia psicológica y social.

Abstract Objective To analyze the work-related health damage of nurses in a university hospital. Methods Cross-sectional, quantitative study conducted with 135 nurses from a university hospital located in the southeast region of Brazil between December 2018 and February 2019 with the application of questionnaires for personal and occupational characterization and the Work-Related Damage Assessment Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results Physical illness prevailed among nurses. Psychological and social damage were evaluated as bearable. The items "digestive disorders" (2.35±1.18), "bad mood" (2.41±1.12), "headache" (2.58±1.11), "body pain" (2.81±1.15), "back pain" (2.90±1.29), "sleep disorders" (2.96±1.28) and "leg pain" (3.00 ±1.25) had a critical evaluation by nurses, which represents a risk for illness. No significant associations between the studied variables and illness were identified. Conclusion Nurses are subject to risks for illness related to work in the university hospital under study that trigger physical illness. Social support is a likely explanation for not getting psychologically and socially ill.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal injury and pain of UK-based podiatrists and the impact of enforced altered working practices.

BACKGROUND: Occupational musculoskeletal injuries are prevalent in healthcare workers and are reported to be profession-specific. There is, however, a paucity of information around the injuries sustained from working as a podiatrist. This paper looks at the incidence of injury from working as a podiatrist, the aggravating factors to sustain these injuries and whether the changes in workload due to the COVID-19 pandemic altered the incidence. METHODS: A modified work based musculoskeletal injury questionnaire was distributed in the UK via podiatry led social media platforms. Open and Closed questions explored the demographics of the sample, perceived injury 12 months prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and then 6 months into the lockdown. Pre and post COVID-19 data were analysed for differences and thematic analysis was included to categorise reported experiences. RESULTS: 148 podiatrists representing 3 % of HCPC registered practitioners responded to the questionnaire. Employment status altered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic with a 13 % reduction in those working full time. Environments also changed with domiciliary and telehealth significantly increasing (p > 0.00) and non-clinical roles being extended (p > 0.002). Pain frequency and intensity significantly (p > 0.04) increased as a result of the pandemic with shoulder pain being most frequent before lockdown altering to the neck during the lockdown. Two main themes were identified that were attributed to the causes of pain including physical demands and working in awkward spaces. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related musculoskeletal pain in podiatrists is common with the shoulder and neck being the most frequently affected. Changes in work practices due to the restrictions enforced from the COVID-19 pandemic increased the frequency and intensity of pain mostly associated with increased domiciliary and telehealth working environments.

Prevention and occupational hazards for the skin during COVID-19 pandemic.

The life of medical specialists worldwide has dramatically changed due to the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Health care professionals (HCPs) have personally faced the outbreak by being on the first line of the battlefield with the disease and, as such, compose a significant number of people who have contracted COVID-19. We propose a classification and discuss the pathophysiology, clinical findings, and treatments and prevention of the occupational skin hazards COVID-19 poses to HCPs. The multivariate pattern of occupational skin diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic can be classified into four subgroups: mechanical skin injury, moisture-associated skin damage, contact reactions, and exacerbation of preexisting dermatoses. The clinical pattern is versatile, and the most affected skin sites were the ones in contact with the protective equipment. Dermatologists should recognize the plethora of HCPs' occupational skin reactions that are occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic and implement treatment and preventive strategies.

Evaluation of musculoskeletal discomfort using item response theory: creation of a scale based on the self-reported pain symptoms.

This study aims to build a scale for musculoskeletal discomfort based on the self-reported musculoskeletal pain by individuals. For this, methods such as factorial analysis and item response theory were used. A sample of 1821 workers of a footwear industry participated in this study. The scale consists of four levels ranging from mild to maximum discomfort. In mild discomfort (level 60), pain symptoms are rare or frequent in regions such as cervical and trapezoidal area, low back, shoulders, wrists, ankles and feet. At level 70, rare or frequent symptoms affect regions of the upper and lower limbs. At level 80, frequent symptoms become common in the trunk and in most of the upper and lower limbs. At level 90, the symptoms become daily in elbows, thighs and knees. The scale showed signs of validity and proved useful for studies in ergonomics. Practitioner Summary: Methods such as factor analysis and item response theory were used to build a four-level musculoskeletal discomfort scale that can be useful to complement the screening process for workers with musculoskeletal pain. The scale shows signs of accuracy, in addition to validity and reliability. Abbreviations: WMSD: work-related musculoskeletal disorders; CTT: classic test theory; IRT: item response theory; KMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin; PR: pain rarely; PO: pain often; PE: pain everyday; DIF: differential item functioning.

Cancer surveillance among workers in plastics and rubber manufacturing in Ontario, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: Occupational exposure to agents in plastics and rubber manufacturing has been associated with elevated risk of certain cancers. We sought to evaluate cancer risk among workers employed in occupations and industries with these exposures as part of an ongoing surveillance programme in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: The Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS) cohort was established using workers' compensation claims data and includes 2.18 million workers employed from 1983 to 2014. Workers were followed for site-specific cancer diagnoses in the Ontario Cancer Registry through 2016. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate adjusted HR and 95% CI. RESULTS: We identified 81 127 workers employed in plastics and rubber manufacturing industries or materials processing and product fabricating occupations. Compared with all other women in the ODSS, those in materials processing occupations had an elevated rate of lung cancer (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.58) that was not observed among men. An elevated rate of breast cancer was observed among female labourers (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.82) and moulders (HR 1.47, 95% CI 0.91 to 2.37) in plastics and rubber product fabricating occupations. Overall, elevated rates were observed for oesophageal, liver, stomach, prostate and kidney cancer in job-specific subgroups, including mixing and blending, bonding and cementing, and labouring. There was little evidence of association for lymphatic or haematopoietic cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Findings for lung and breast cancer in women are consistent with other studies and warrant further attention in Ontario. Given the relatively young age at end of follow-up, surveillance in these workers should continue as the cohort ages.

Occupational lung diseases in the 21st century: the changing landscape and future challenges.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Occupational exposures remain an underrecognized and preventable cause of lung disease in high-income countries. The present review highlights the emergence of cleaning-related respiratory disease and the re-emergence of silicosis as examples of trends in occupational lung diseases in the 21st century. RECENT FINDINGS: Employment trends, such as the shift from large-scale manufacturing to a service economy, the growth of the healthcare sector, and changing consumer products have changed the spectrum of work-related lung diseases. Following decades of progress in reducing traditional hazards such as silica in U.S. workplaces, cases of advanced silicosis have recently re-emerged with the production of engineered stone countertops. With growth in the healthcare and service sectors in the United States, cleaning products have become an important cause of work-related asthma and have recently been associated with an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women. However, these occupational lung diseases largely go unrecognized by practicing clinicians. SUMMARY: The present article highlights how changes in the economy and work structure can lead to new patterns of inhalational workplace hazards and respiratory disease, including cleaning-related respiratory disease and silicosis. Pulmonary clinicians need to be able to recognize and diagnose these occupational lung diseases, which requires a high index of suspicion and a careful occupational history.

A national survey of occupational exposures in Tunisia.

INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of occupational exposures allows to guide preventive strategies and to suggest adequate solutions. AIM: Identify occupational exposures and constrains among workers of private sector in Tunisia. METHODS: A descriptive study including all companies of the private sector who are adhering to a service of occupational health of 17 Tunisian governorates. The survey was exhaustive for the services having less than 500 companies and by sampling for the services with more than 500.The data collection was based on data sheet completed by the occupational physician. RESULTS: This investigation concerned 1653 companies employing 161 517 employees. The industrial sector represented 52.8 %.Small and medium-sized enterprises represented 92.6 % of the studied companies. Companies having a committee of Health and Safety at work represented 16.82 % and 22.14 % had a safety officer. Posturales constraints are the most represented exposures (56%) followed by gestural constraints (27%). Heavy lifting concerned 17% of workers. Exposure to noise represented the third professional nuisance, 23% of employees are exposed. The employees exposed to organic solvents were among 16695 (10.34 %), distributed on 685 companies. CONCLUSION: This study allowed us to identify and to rank the professional exposures and constrains in the Tunisian private sector. This could lead to improving targeted strategies of prevention occupational risks.

Occupational Rhinitis: Classification, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Occupational rhinitis (OR), an inflammatory disease of the nose, refers to any nasal symptoms reported to be work-related. The purpose of this review is to provide a current overview of the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of OR. RECENT FINDINGS: Occupational rhinitis (OR) can further be classified into allergic or non-allergic depending on the causative agent(s) and pathogenesis. Presenting symptoms are similar to non-OR including nasal congestion, anterior and posterior rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching. Despite its high prevalence in a spectrum of workplaces, OR is under reported as it is often considered a nuisance rather than a potential precursor to occupational asthma (OA). The diagnosis of OR is obfuscated as it is difficult to determine if this condition was caused by environmental determinants in or outside the workplace. Furthermore, workers may have a pre-existing history of allergic or non-allergic rhinitis leading the clinician and worker to overlook inciting agents in the workplace. In this case, a diagnosis of OR is still possible depending on the exposures but must be differentiated from work-exacerbated rhinitis. Further complicating the diagnosis of OR is the lack of evidence-based research focused on this condition as it is often trivialized due to the perception that it has an insignificant impact on the worker's health. The reality is that OR can have a significant impact on the worker's quality of life and is associated with a number of comorbidities including occupational asthma, recurrent sinusitis, headaches, eustachian tube dysfunction, and sleep disorders similar to non-occupational rhinitis. However, one significant difference between these disorders is that workers diagnosed with OR are eligible for worker's compensation. Treatment of OR involves avoidance of the inciting agent(s) and medications similar to those used to treat non-OR conditions. This review summarizes recent progresses on the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and therapy of OR. In addition, suggested areas of further research with potential targets for modifications in the workplace environment as well as therapeutic interventions will be discussed.

Teachers' work and health in Brazil: thoughts on the history of research, strides, and challenges. / Trabalho e saúde de professoras e professores no Brasil: reflexões sobre trajetórias das investigações, avanços e desafios.

This Essay discusses the theme of teachers' work and health in Brazil. The objectives are to describe the initial history of research on teachers' health, discuss elements leading to a consensus on the characterization of the group's work and principal health problems, and systematize the main strides and challenges. The Essay draws on more than two decades of research and practice in this field. Based on this experience, the authors identify the movements, the accumulated evidence, and prospects for future development. The elements brought to the discussion point to substantial growth in the field: the number of studies, the diversity and scope of topics, the groups of men and women teachers studied, and the experiences with application of the knowledge (programs and interventions). Despite these strides, the studies and practices still emphasize the individual and the disease, with little or no attention to work factors (work process and management) in the health/disease process. Issues pertaining to gender differences (in work and in health status) also remain invisible. There is little linkage between researchers and teachers' movements (a relevant characteristic of the first initiatives in the field). There are no public policies to regulate the workplace and work management. The contributions to the discussion provide insight for thought to assist the identification of critical nodes and analytical scenarios with the potential for progress in this field of research and intervention.

Este Ensaio discute a temática de trabalho e saúde docente no Brasil. Tem como objetivos: descrever trajetórias iniciais das investigações de saúde do/a professor/a no contexto brasileiro; discutir elementos que consolidaram consenso com relação à caracterização do trabalho e os principais problemas de saúde neste grupo; e sistematizar seus principais avanços e desafios. O Ensaio é organizado com base na experiência de mais de duas décadas em investigações e práticas nessa temática. Valendo-se dessa experiência identificam-se seus movimentos, as evidências acumuladas e perspectivas potenciais de desenvolvimento futuro. Com base nos elementos trazidos à discussão observa-se o crescimento substantivo do campo: do número de investigações, da diversidade e abrangência dos temas abordados, dos grupos de professores/as estudados/as e das experiências de aplicação do conhecimento (programas e intervenções). Apesar desses avanços, as investigações e práticas ainda mantêm a ênfase no indivíduo e na doença, com ausência ou abordagem limitada dos fatores do trabalho (processo e gestão do trabalho) no processo saúde/doença. Questões relativas aos diferenciais de gênero (no trabalho e na situação de saúde) também permanecem invisíveis. Observa-se pouca articulação de pesquisadores/as e movimentos docentes (uma característica relevante das primeiras iniciativas no campo). Registra-se ausência de políticas públicas de regulação dos ambientes e gestão do trabalho. Os aspectos trazidos à discussão fornecem uma base de reflexão, de modo a auxiliar na identificação de nós críticos e de cenários analíticos com potencial para avançar nesse campo de investigação e de intervenção.

Este Ensayo discute la temática de trabajo y salud docente en Brasil. Tiene como objetivos: describir trayectorias iniciales de investigaciones de salud del/a profesor/a en el contexto brasileño; discutir elementos que consolidaron el consenso referente a la caracterización del trabajo y los principales problemas de salud en este grupo; además de sistematizar sus principales avances y desafíos. El estudio está organizado en base a la experiencia de más de dos décadas en investigaciones y prácticas en esta temática. Valiéndose de esta experiencia se identifican sus movimientos, las evidencias acumuladas y perspectivas potenciales de su desarrollo futuro. En base a los elementos en liza se observa un crecimiento sustancial del área de estudio: número de investigaciones, diversidad y alcance de los temas abordados, grupos de profesores/as estudiados/as, así como de las experiencias de aplicación del conocimiento (programas e intervenciones). A pesar de esos avances, las investigaciones y prácticas todavía mantienen el énfasis en el individuo y en la enfermedad, con ausencia o un enfoque limitado sobre los factores del trabajo (proceso y gestión del trabajo) en el proceso salud/enfermedad. Las cuestiones relacionadas con los diferenciales de género (en el trabajo y situación de salud) también permanecen invisibles. Se observa poca coordinación de investigadores/as y movimientos docentes (una característica relevante de las primeras iniciativas en el área de estudio). Se constata la ausencia de políticas públicas de regulación en entornos y gestión laborales. Los aspectos planteados proporcionan una base de reflexión, con el fin de que ayuden en la identificación de problemas clave y escenarios analíticos con potencial para avanzar en este campo de investigación y de intervención.

Association of derived patterns of musculoskeletal disorders with psychological problems: a latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal symptoms often occur in more than one anatomical site. The present study aimed to define specific patterns of multisite musculoskeletal disorders and examine how these patterns are related to common psychological problems. METHODS: Using the data from an interview-based health survey of 358 samples of the industrial manufacturing male employees, we derived major patterns of musculoskeletal complaints using latent class analysis and investigated its association with psychological problems score extracted from depression, anxiety, and stress measured by Depression/Anxiety/Stress Scale (DASS-21). Musculoskeletal disorders were assessed by Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). The statistical analysis was carried out by Mplus 8. RESULTS: Complaints in the lower back (42.1%) and neck (30.7%) had the highest prevalence, and in the hip (15.0%) and ankle (12.2%) the lowest. Three major patterns of musculoskeletal disorders were extracted using latent class analysis. Class 1 (12.9%) was characterized by a high rate of complaints in upper musculoskeletal sites, such as the neck, shoulder, and joints; class 2 (38.2%) was identified by a higher rate of complaints in the lower and upper back; and class 3 (48.9%) was marked by low rates of complaints in all musculoskeletal sites. After adjustment for confounding variables and specifying class 3 as the reference, it turned out that there was a statistically significant association between the psychological problems score and the chance of being in class 1 (OR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.66-3.68), but not a significant association with the chance of being in class 2 (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 0.83-2.72). CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal disorders can be summarized in the latent class-derived patterns in the adult study population and provide additional prognostics. Common psychological problems are significantly associated with the type of musculoskeletal disorder patterns. The findings in this study could be useful for dealing with prevention and treatment programs.

Occupational and work-related disease underestimated and linked to temporary disability through Primary Health Care Services.

AIM: To estimate the occupational disease linked to temporary incapacity (not work-related illness). BACKGROUND: The under-reporting of occupational disease is a recognized problem in Europe. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in Spanish adult population using periods of temporary incapacity recorded in primary care during 2015. Rates of occupational disease were estimated using the García & Gadea study. RESULTS: A total of 130,771 episodes of temporary incapacity were studied from 91,448 people, and 56,092 were women (61.3%). The overall prevalence rate was 2,096 and was higher in women (2,504) than in men (1,665) (p < 0.001). It was estimated that 6,580 (7.2%) could be suffering from an occupational disease. Musculoskeletal complaints were the commonest, affecting 75,165 people (82.2%). For the binary logistic regression, the dependent variable was the existence or lack of incapacity due to a musculoskeletal pathology. Age acts as a protective factor (adjusted OR = 0.978). The periods off work due to musculoskeletal complaints are lower in the first quarter of the year [OR > 1; p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: 7.2% of the population was estimated to be off work due to an occupational disease. This estimate reflects the well-known under-reporting of occupational diseases which are dealt with by the Public Health System instead of specialized clinics. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The interdisciplinary role of the occupational health nurse makes it an adequate professional to detect the cases of occupational diseases in primary care settings. Occupational Health Nursing has been recognized by the managers as the most suitable professionals to carry out the screening of occupational diseases in Primary Care.

Trabalho e saúde de professoras e professores no Brasil: reflexões sobre trajetórias das investigações, avanços e desafios / Trabajo y salud de profesoras y profesores en Brasil: reflexiones sobre trayectorias de investigaciones, avances y desafíos / Teachers' work and health in Brazil: thoughts on the history of research, strides, and challenges

Este Ensaio discute a temática de trabalho e saúde docente no Brasil. Tem como objetivos: descrever trajetórias iniciais das investigações de saúde do/a professor/a no contexto brasileiro; discutir elementos que consolidaram consenso com relação à caracterização do trabalho e os principais problemas de saúde neste grupo; e sistematizar seus principais avanços e desafios. O Ensaio é organizado com base na experiência de mais de duas décadas em investigações e práticas nessa temática. Valendo-se dessa experiência identificam-se seus movimentos, as evidências acumuladas e perspectivas potenciais de desenvolvimento futuro. Com base nos elementos trazidos à discussão observa-se o crescimento substantivo do campo: do número de investigações, da diversidade e abrangência dos temas abordados, dos grupos de professores/as estudados/as e das experiências de aplicação do conhecimento (programas e intervenções). Apesar desses avanços, as investigações e práticas ainda mantêm a ênfase no indivíduo e na doença, com ausência ou abordagem limitada dos fatores do trabalho (processo e gestão do trabalho) no processo saúde/doença. Questões relativas aos diferenciais de gênero (no trabalho e na situação de saúde) também permanecem invisíveis. Observa-se pouca articulação de pesquisadores/as e movimentos docentes (uma característica relevante das primeiras iniciativas no campo). Registra-se ausência de políticas públicas de regulação dos ambientes e gestão do trabalho. Os aspectos trazidos à discussão fornecem uma base de reflexão, de modo a auxiliar na identificação de nós críticos e de cenários analíticos com potencial para avançar nesse campo de investigação e de intervenção.

Este Ensayo discute la temática de trabajo y salud docente en Brasil. Tiene como objetivos: describir trayectorias iniciales de investigaciones de salud del/a profesor/a en el contexto brasileño; discutir elementos que consolidaron el consenso referente a la caracterización del trabajo y los principales problemas de salud en este grupo; además de sistematizar sus principales avances y desafíos. El estudio está organizado en base a la experiencia de más de dos décadas en investigaciones y prácticas en esta temática. Valiéndose de esta experiencia se identifican sus movimientos, las evidencias acumuladas y perspectivas potenciales de su desarrollo futuro. En base a los elementos en liza se observa un crecimiento sustancial del área de estudio: número de investigaciones, diversidad y alcance de los temas abordados, grupos de profesores/as estudiados/as, así como de las experiencias de aplicación del conocimiento (programas e intervenciones). A pesar de esos avances, las investigaciones y prácticas todavía mantienen el énfasis en el individuo y en la enfermedad, con ausencia o un enfoque limitado sobre los factores del trabajo (proceso y gestión del trabajo) en el proceso salud/enfermedad. Las cuestiones relacionadas con los diferenciales de género (en el trabajo y situación de salud) también permanecen invisibles. Se observa poca coordinación de investigadores/as y movimientos docentes (una característica relevante de las primeras iniciativas en el área de estudio). Se constata la ausencia de políticas públicas de regulación en entornos y gestión laborales. Los aspectos planteados proporcionan una base de reflexión, con el fin de que ayuden en la identificación de problemas clave y escenarios analíticos con potencial para avanzar en este campo de investigación y de intervención.

This Essay discusses the theme of teachers' work and health in Brazil. The objectives are to describe the initial history of research on teachers' health, discuss elements leading to a consensus on the characterization of the group's work and principal health problems, and systematize the main strides and challenges. The Essay draws on more than two decades of research and practice in this field. Based on this experience, the authors identify the movements, the accumulated evidence, and prospects for future development. The elements brought to the discussion point to substantial growth in the field: the number of studies, the diversity and scope of topics, the groups of men and women teachers studied, and the experiences with application of the knowledge (programs and interventions). Despite these strides, the studies and practices still emphasize the individual and the disease, with little or no attention to work factors (work process and management) in the health/disease process. Issues pertaining to gender differences (in work and in health status) also remain invisible. There is little linkage between researchers and teachers' movements (a relevant characteristic of the first initiatives in the field). There are no public policies to regulate the workplace and work management. The contributions to the discussion provide insight for thought to assist the identification of critical nodes and analytical scenarios with the potential for progress in this field of research and intervention.

Frostbite in the Norwegian Armed Forces. / Frostskader i Forsvaret.

BAKGRUNN: Det finnes lite forskning på forekomst av frostskader, både sivilt og militært. Prognosen og tidsforløpet ved slike skader har ikke tidligere vært undersøkt i større kohorter. MATERIALE OG METODE: Deltagerne var personer registrert i Forsvarets helseregister med kulde- og frostskade i tidsrommet 1.1.2010-31.12.2014. Data om diagnostikk, forløp og behandling ble innhentet fra i alt 460 personer ved hjelp av et spørreskjema. Svarprosenten på undersøkelsen var 66. RESULTATER: 397 av 460 personer (86,3 %) som var registrert med frostskade i Forsvarets helseregister bekreftet at de hadde hatt en kulde- og frostskade. 123 av 397 personene som svarte (30,1 %) anga at de hadde hatt blemmer, noe som gir mistanke om at de hadde pådratt seg annengrads frostskade. 225 av 397 (56,7 %) anga at de hadde hatt frostskade, men ikke blemmer. De aller fleste fikk frostskaden under feltøvelse/vinterøvelse (81,1 %), og ⅔ av de som pådro seg skader var vernepliktige. Langt de fleste hadde skader på fingre/hender eller tær/føtter (96,0 %). To av tre (69,8 %) hadde fortsatt plager fra sin frostskade mer enn to år etter skadetidspunktet. FORTOLKNING: Mange i militæret pådrar seg frostskader under tjenestegjøring. En femdel anga kroniske helseplager som påvirker arbeidsevnen. Kunnskap om forekomsten av frostskader hos militært mannskap er viktig for Forsvarets videre skadeforebyggende arbeid.

Cancer mortality and incidence following external occupational radiation exposure: an update of the 3rd analysis of the UK national registry for radiation workers.

BACKGROUND: This study provides direct evidence of cancer risk from low dose and dose rate occupational external radiation exposures. METHODS: Cancer mortality and incidence were studied in relation to external radiation exposure in the National Registry for Radiation Workers. A cohort of 167,003 workers followed for an average of 32 years was analysed using Poisson regression methods. RESULTS: Mortality and incidence risks were significantly raised for the group of all malignant neoplasms excluding leukaemia (ERR/Sv mortality = 0.28; 90%CI: 0.06, 0.53, ERR/Sv incidence = 0.28; 90%CI: 0.10, 0.48) but with narrower confidence bounds compared with the previous analysis of this cohort reflecting the increased statistical power from the additional 10 years of follow-up information. The linear trends in relative risk for both mortality and incidence of these cancers remained statistically significantly raised when information relating to cumulative doses above 100 mSv was excluded (ERR/Sv mortality = 1.42; 90%CI: 0.51, 2.38 and ERR/Sv incidence = 1.18; 90%CI: 0.47, 1.92). CONCLUSIONS: This study improved the precision of the cancer risk estimates seen in the third analysis of the NRRW cohort. The overall results remain consistent with the risk estimates from the Life Span Study and those adopted in the current ICRP recommendations.

Failure to define low back pain as a disease or an episode renders research on causality unsuitable: results of a systematic review.

Background: Causative factors may be different for the very first onset of symptoms of the 'disease' of low back pain (LBP) than for ensuing episodes that occur after a pain-free period. This differentiation hinges on a life-time absence of low back pain at first onset and short-term absence for further episodes. In this systematic review, we explored whether researchers make these distinctions when investigating the causality of LBP. Methods: A literature search of PUBMED, CINAHL, and SCOPUS databases was performed from January 2010 until September 2016 using the search terms 'low back pain' or 'back pain' and 'risk factor' or 'caus*' or 'predict*' or 'onset' or 'first-time' or 'inception' or 'incidence'. Two reviewers extracted information on study design, types of episodes of back pain to distinguish the disease of LBP and recurring episodes, and also to determine the definitions of disease- or pain-free periods. Results: Thirty-three articles purporting to study causes of LBP were included. Upon scrutiny, 31 of the 33 articles were unclear as to what type of causality they were studying, that of the 'disease' or the episode, or a mere association with LBP. Only 9 studies used a prospective study design. Five studies appeared to investigate the onset of the disease of LBP, however, only one study truly captured the first incidence of LBP, which was the result of sports injury. Six appeared to study episodes but only one clearly related to the concept of episodes. Therefore, among those 11 studies, nine included both first-time LBP and episodes of LBP. Consequently, 22 studies related to the prevalence of LBP, as they probably included a mixture of first-time, recurring and ongoing episodes without distinction. Conclusion: Recent literature concerning the causality of LBP does not differentiate between the 'disease' of LBP and its recurring episodes mainly due to a lack of a clear definition of absence of LBP at baseline. Therefore, current research is not capable of providing a valid answer on this topic.

The spectrosome of occupational health problems.

Given the increased prevalence of cancer, respiratory diseases, and reproductive disorders, for which multifactorial origins are strongly suspected, the impact of the environment on the population represents a substantial public health challenge. Surveillance systems have become an essential public health decision-making tool. Networks have been constructed to facilitate the development of analyses of the multifactorial aspects of the relationships between occupational contexts and health. The aim of this study is to develop and present an approach for the optimal exploitation of observational databases to describe and improve the understanding of the (occupational) environment-health relationships, taking into account key multifactorial aspects. We have developed a spectral analysis (SA) approach that takes into account both the multi-exposure and dynamic natures of occupational health problems (OHPs) and related associations. The main results of this paper are to present the construction method of the "spectrum" and "spectrosome" of OHPs (range and structured list of occupational exposures) and describe the information contained therein with an illustrative example. The approach is illustrated using the case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) from the French National Occupational Diseases Surveillance and Prevention Network database as a working example of an occupational disease. We found that the NHL spectrum includes 40 sets of occupational exposures characterized by important multi-exposures, especially solvent combinations or pesticide combinations, but also specific exposures such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, formaldehyde and ionizing radiation. These findings may be useful for surveillance and the assessment of occupational exposure related to health risks.